ASIM Shape Wide band High-Gain Patch Antenna Integrated with Frequency-Selective Surface as Super Strate for Sub-6GHz 5G Applications

This shows a wideband antenna with a FSS as a substrate. Initially, a Sim-Shape microstrip patch antenna is designed using an Fr4 substrate having 4.4 permittivity and a height of 1.6 mm with a dimension of 30 x 35 mm square at 4.5 GHz. The simulated result shows a wide band from 3.0 to 6.2 GHz. The bandwidth gain varied from 3.3 dB to 4.2 dB at these frequencies, and the result of a sim-shaped microstrip pattern phenna is improved after the integration of FSS as a substrate. A unit cell of the FSS periodic structure with a 6x7 array is designed using FR4 material. The simulated result shows a wide bandwidth ranging from 3.2 GHz to 6.8 GHz, with a gain improvement of 2.5 dB to 6.5 dB.&nbsp

Climate Change and Bio-Diversity

Climate change has become a common phenomenon now a days. Both natural as well as the human factors are responsible for it, but the changes have been accelerated by mainly human activities on large extent. Due to climate change the life of bio-diversity are underthreat. Many species have already extinct and many are on the brim of extinction. Due to loss of habitat and food of the animals they are force to migrate different places which may be not suitable for them. Here in this paper an attempt has made to identify the factors responsible for climate change and how far this climate change has affected the life of the plants and animals.  The research is purely based on the secondary source of data collect through the internet

Incidence and risk factors of intra uterine fetal death: a retrospective study at a tertiary care centre in Kashmir, India

Background: Intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) is the tragic event contributing to high perinatal mortality in developing countries. So many risk factors have been seen associated with IUFD that can be prevented with better antenatal care and timely detection at the earliest so that the prevalence can be decreased. This study was done to identify the risk factors associated with IUFD.Methods: This is a retrospective study from done from March 2017 to March 2018 at skims maternity hospital. IUFD was defined as fetal death beyond 20 weeks of gestation. Records were analyzed and data was compiled.Results: In our study there were total of 2500 deliveries out of which 70 were IUFD. Incidence was 28 per 1000 live births. It was found more common in the age group of 20-29 year (65.71%)  %). Preeclampsia was the risk factor in 17.14% of cases , followed by abruption in 11.42% followed by placenta previa in 7.14% of cases. However, 20% of the cases had unidentified risk factor.Conclusions: Present study was an effort to compile common risk factors associated with IUFD at tertiary centre of Kashmir

Exploring key parameters influencing student performance in a blended learning environment using learning analytics

Understanding the factors that influence students' results in hybrid learning environments is becoming increasingly important in today's educational environment.  The goal of this research is to examine factors that influence students' academic performance as well as their level of participation in blended learning environments.  A comprehensive study was conducted with 330 interested participants from the prestigious government polytechnics of the state of Karnataka in order to achieve this goal. Our data acquisition approach relied on the administration of a meticulously crafted survey questionnaire. The conceptual framework underpinning this study seamlessly integrates Transactional Distance Theory (TDT) principles with valuable insights derived from prior research. The Welch test and one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) are two statistical approaches that we used selectively to reinforce our research which produced surprising results.  These findings underscore the pivotal role played by certain specific factors. The geographical location of learners and the medium through which they pursue their studies have emerged as critical determinants significantly influencing academic performance. Aspects like the frequency of login activities and active engagement in forum discussions have been found to exert a positive influence on learners' academic performance. In contrast, the duration of sleep did not show a significant impact on performance. These insights bear tangible implications for teachers and policymakers who are dedicated to the enhancement of the quality of BL programs with the ultimate goal of enriching the overall educational experience

A Review paper based on spectrum sensing techniques in Cognitive Radio Networks

Natural frequency spectrum is scared resource; the efficient use of it can only accommodate the need of future computing world. But efficient use of it is not possible within the existing system, where the allocation of spectrum is done based on fixed spectrum access (FSA) policy. Many survey shows that it leads to under use of spectrum. For efficient utilization of spectrum innovative techniques is needed. using Dynamic spectrum access (DSA) policy we can exploiting the available spectrum, For given purpose Cognitive radio arises to be a tempting solution to the spectral congestion problem by introducing opportunistic usage of the frequency bands that are not heavily occupied by licensed users. This paper presents the study of different spectrum sensing techniques of cognitive radio networks. As we know Cognitive radio is a form of wireless communication where radio transceiver intelligently detects which spectrums are free which are not. After this it occupies the vacant one while avoiding busy one spectrum. Cognitive radios promote open spectrum allocation which is a clear departure from traditional command and control allocation schemes for radio spectrum usage. In short, they allow the formation of “infrastructure-less” collaborative network clusters—cognitive radio networks. However, how to detect free spectrum we have to use the spectrum sensing techniques, here we are describing all the spectrum sensing techniques and Finally concluded that cooperative sensing is better than Non-Cooperative sensing for primary user (PU) signal with  low SNR value. Keywords- CRN, FSA, PU, DSA, SU, SNR.

Anemia in antenatal patients and its outcome: an experience in tertiary care centre

Background: Anemia is the most common hematological abnormality detected during the pregnancy and forms a major problem in affecting the females especially in the developing countries.Methods: All pregnant females with clinical evidence of anemia without any other co-morbidity attending the antenatal clinic were included in the study. Patients were studied in terms of the age, parity, inter-pregnancy spacing, type of pregnancy, post-partum outcome along with the biochemical tests like peripheral blood picture, hemoglobin estimation, and serum ferritin levels.Results: Total no. of patients was 500, age ≤20 years were 60 and ≥35 years were 107, mild anemia (10-10.9 gm%) 160, moderate anemia (7-10 gm%) 250, severe anemia (<7 gm%) 90. Normal vaginal delivery with medio-lateral episiotomy was done in 385 patients, normal vaginal delivery without medio-lateral episiotomy in 35 while lower-segment caesarean section in 80 patients. Pre-term delivery was done in 95 patients, post-term delivery in 20. 90 babies delivered were low-birth weight (<2500 gm), antepartum hemorrhage was seen in 10 patients while 20 patients had Post-partum hemorrhage.Conclusions: The present study concludes that anemia is still rampant in the society especially in pregnant women. The main cause of anemia-in-pregnancy is still the iron deficiency anemia. The peripheral blood picture, hemoglobin estimation, and serum ferritin levels form the basic pillars in the evaluation of the etiology and type of anemia. The multiple government sponsored facilities are to be made available to each pregnant female and that requires community, government as well as healthcare professional’s participation

Evaluation of outcome of pregnancy in threatened abortion by serum progesterone levels

Background: Early pregnancy maintenance depends on the progesterone production by the developing trophoblasts of the placenta and the corpus luteum of ovary. Threatened abortion has a psychological impact on patients so we need to have a tool that could predict the outcome of threatened abortion in advance. Serum progesterone level has shown to be a reliable marker of pregnancy outcome. The aim of the study was to assess the correlation between maternal serum progesterone level and pregnancy outcome in threatened abortion and to assess the role of maternal serum progesterone levels in the immediate diagnosis of pregnancy failure.Methods: This observational study was conducted in the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Lalla Ded Hospital, Government Medical College, Srinagar over a period of 1 year in 100 women presenting with threatened abortion of less than 12 weeks of gestation, having spotting but without cervical dilatation.  Results: Mean maternal serum progesterone level in patients of threatened abortion who aborted was 21.5 ± 10.4 nanograms per millilitre and patients of threatened abortion who progressed normally to the period of viability had mean maternal serum progesterone level of 41.6 ± 10.8 nanograms per millilitre. Considering 24 nanograms per millilitre as cut off  limit, 19% of patients of threatened abortion were having serum progesterone level of lesser than or equal to 24 nanograms per millilitre and 81% of patients of threatened abortion were having serum progesterone level of greater than 24 nanograms per millilitre.  Conclusions: Serum progesterone level is easy and reliable assay for determination of pregnancy outcome

Increasing frailty is associated with higher prevalence and reduced recognition of delirium in older hospitalised inpatients: results of a multi-centre study

Purpose: Delirium is a neuropsychiatric disorder delineated by an acute change in cognition, attention, and consciousness. It is common, particularly in older adults, but poorly recognised. Frailty is the accumulation of deficits conferring an increased risk of adverse outcomes. We set out to determine how severity of frailty, as measured using the CFS, affected delirium rates, and recognition in hospitalised older people in the United Kingdom. Methods: Adults over 65 years were included in an observational multi-centre audit across UK hospitals, two prospective rounds, and one retrospective note review. Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), delirium status, and 30-day outcomes were recorded. Results: The overall prevalence of delirium was 16.3% (483). Patients with delirium were more frail than patients without delirium (median CFS 6 vs 4). The risk of delirium was greater with increasing frailty [OR 2.9 (1.8–4.6) in CFS 4 vs 1–3; OR 12.4 (6.2–24.5) in CFS 8 vs 1–3]. Higher CFS was associated with reduced recognition of delirium (OR of 0.7 (0.3–1.9) in CFS 4 compared to 0.2 (0.1–0.7) in CFS 8). These risks were both independent of age and dementia. Conclusion: We have demonstrated an incremental increase in risk of delirium with increasing frailty. This has important clinical implications, suggesting that frailty may provide a more nuanced measure of vulnerability to delirium and poor outcomes. However, the most frail patients are least likely to have their delirium diagnosed and there is a significant lack of research into the underlying pathophysiology of both of these common geriatric syndromes

How Does Transportation Affordability Vary Among TODs, TADs, and Other Areas?

Transit-oriented development (TOD) has gained popularity worldwide as a sustainable form of urbanism; it concentrates development near a transit station so as to reduce auto-dependency and increase ridership. Existing travel behavior studies in the context of TOD, however, are limited in terms of small sample size, inconsistent TOD classification methods, and failure to control for residential self-selection. Thus, this study has three research questions. First, how can we distinguish between Transit-oriented development (TOD) and Transit-adjacent development (TAD)? Second, how do travel behaviors vary between TODs and TADs? Third, how does transportation affordability vary between TODs and TADs? This study utilizes cluster analysis to classify station area types and propensity score matching to control residential self-selection. From cluster analysis with built-environment factors—density, diversity, and walkability—in a half-mile buffer, this study classifies existing station areas as TOD, TAD or Hybrid types. After controlling for residential self-selection, it shows that a TOD motivates its residents to walk more and take transit more while using personal vehicles less. The significant difference between TOD and TAD in both VMT and the number of auto trips demonstrates that TODs make the personal vehicle trips shorter and fewer. Travel behavior in the Hybrid type demonstrates the possibility of gradual and practical change. Finally, the percentage of household income spent on transportation is lower in TOD households than TAD households. This shows that a TOD household is likely to save enough money on vehicle ownership and use that, while it likely spends more on transit, the final result is a significantly lower financial burden from transportation